Bibliography
Art Museum Image Consortium (AMICO).http://www.amico.org/home.html
(06 Mar. 2000).
The Art Museum Image Consortium (AMICO) is a not for profit association
of institutions with collections of art. These institutions have come together to enable
educational use of the digital documentation of their collections and are building a joint
digital library documenting these collections. This library will be available to
educational communities from kindergarten through to college and university, as well as to
public libraries. Membership in AMICO is open to all institutions with collections of
works of art with the willingness to contribute to the AMICO Library.
Arts and Humanities Data Service (AHDS). London, UK: AHDS, 02
Mar. 2000. http://ahds.ac.uk (06 Mar. 2000).
The Arts and Humanities Data Service is a national service funded by
the Joint Information Systems Committee of the UK's Higher Education Funding Councils and
the Arts and Humanities Research Board. It exists to catalogue, manage, preserve and
promote the re-use of the electronic resources resulting from research in the arts and
humanities. It encourages use of its collections for research and educational purposes,
and supplies information about them through an on-line catalogue. It provides a number of
services to its users, including a newsletter and a series of case studies showing the
benefits and obstacles in the creation, delivery and preservation of digital resources.
Ayris, Paul. "Guidance for selecting materials for digitisation. Joint
RLG and NPO Preservation Conference: Guidelines for Digital Imaging. Mountain View,
CA: RLG, 19 Feb. 1999. http://www.thames.rlg.org/preserv/joint/ayris.html
(28 Feb. 2000).
The process and importance of the decision making that should go into
selecting material for digitisation are discussed here. The suggested process involves a
decision-making matrix of twenty questions grouped around four issues: assessment, gains,
standards, and administrative issues. A discussion of a number of studies and case
studies, the problems associated with selection, the limited availability of such
guidelines, and how to implement the matrix are included.
Baulch, Libby. Copyright Guidelines for Museums and Galleries in a
Digital Environment.2nd ed. Australian Museums Online, March 1998.
http://www.amol.org.au/craft/publications/doca/copyright_guidelines.asp
(28 Feb. 2000).
These guidelines were created for small museums and art galleries who
want to digitize images but will also be of interest to larger institutions. The purpose
of the guidelines is to supply you with information about copyright with a focus on
helping you decide when copyright clearance is required, and to offer suggestions on
acquiring that clearance. Legal advice may be required in some cases, and the guidelines
are not intended to be a substitute for legal advice.
Beagrie, Neil, and Daniel Greenstein. "A Strategic Policy
Framework for Creating and Preserving Digital Collections," Arts and Humanities
Data Service, Version 4.0, July 14, 1998.
http://ahds.ac.uk/manage/framework.htm
(20 Feb 2000).
This report deals with the critical issue of developing a strategic
policy framework for the creation and long-term preservation of digital resources that
deal with cultural and intellectual heritage. It is considered to be a key strategic
document for information on this subject. The report begins with a background to the study
followed by an introduction to the issues found in creating and preserving digital
information, stressing the importance of this activity and the existence of a policy
framework. A detailed outline of the framework is presented and case studies are used to
demonstrate some of the real-life considerations concerning digital preservation. Thirteen
recommendations in the areas of long-term digital preservation, standards, the policy
framework, and future research are made. A summary of best practice and standards in
implementing the framework is included.
Besser, Howard, and Jennifer Trant. Introduction to Imaging: Issues
in Constructing an Image Database. Los Angeles, CA: Getty Information Institute, 1995.
http://www.getty.edu/gri/standard/introimages/
(20 Feb. 2000).
This document provides an overview of electronic imaging, beginning
with a description of what a digital image, through to what should be considered before,
during and after the process of creating digital images. It introduces the technology and
system components needed to create these images, as well as the technology and terminology
of digital imaging in relation to the development of image databases, with a focus on
museum collections. A glossary and listing of web resources are included.
Besser, Howard, and Robert Yamashita. The Cost of Digital Image
Distribution: The Social and Economic Implications of the Production, Distribution and
Usage of Image Data. Berkley, CA: UCB School of Information Management & Systems,
July 1998.
http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/Imaging/Databases/1998mellon/
(29 Feb. 2000).
This document studies the costs and benefits of the networked
distribution of digital museum information for educational use, but many of the points
would be applicable to other types of digital imaging projects. It focuses on identifying,
defining, and exploring the main costs in the digital network distribution of images and
text, as experienced by the existing relationship between the seven cultural repositories
and seven universities that make up the Museum Education Site License Project (MESL). The
issue of whether the costs for these activities will decrease over time is also discussed.
Besser, Howard. Best Practices for Scanning and Metadata.
Berkeley, CA: University of California, July 1999. http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/~howard/MOA2/a-read-me.html
(08 Mar. 2000).
Besser outlines a set of best practices geared towards those wanting to
create digital representations of parts of their collections. The focus is the
reformatting of existing works into bitmapped digital formats especially during the
initial activities of capturing images and metadata. While the recommendations are
directed towards institutions looking at long-term preservation of a large collection, an
attempt has been made to make them broad enough to apply to most situations. The
discussion involves both general recommendations that should apply to many different types
of objects over a prolonged period of time, and specific minimum recommendations that take
into consideration technical capabilities and limitations faced by a hypothetical large
academic library in 1999.
Besser, Howard. Image and Multimedia Database Resources.
Berkeley, CA: Berkeley Digital Library SunSITE, University of California, 25 Feb. 2000. http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/Imaging/Databases/
(03 Mar. 2000).
This is a listing compiled by Howard Besser of image and multimedia
database resources. It includes categories dealing with digital imaging, metadata and
standards, ethical and legal issues, image capture and compression, image quality and
conservation, technical protection for images, retrieval issues, and costs. A listing of
image databases on the Internet is included.
Besser, Howard. Image Standards Needed.
http://sunsite.Berkeley.EDU/Imaging/Databases/Standards/napa.html
(29 Feb. 2000).
This document is concerned with the standards needed in defining image
metadata. There are three areas that Besser believes are the most important and he
outlines these as questions. He breaks down these questions into specific categories based
on the definitions and organization of the various types of image metadata that the
Computer Information Museum Interchange (CIMI) believe should be in the description of
digital images.
Besser, Howard. Procedures and Practices for Scanning.
http://www.chin.gc.ca/Resources/Publications/Howard_Eng/index.html
(3 Mar. 2000).
Besser, Howard. Procédures et techniques de numérisation
http://www.rcip.gc.ca/Resources/Publications/Howard_Fr/index.html (3 Mar. 2000).
This primer of procedures and practices for scanning was commissioned
by CHIN to provide its users with a basic guide to current "best practices" in
imaging projects. The goal is to ensure that the images captured today will be a useful
resource far into the future. It is written as a series of questions that should be
answered before, during, and after the scanning process. The manner in which it is written
makes it accessible to readers of various technical levels as it gives abbreviated
statements accompanied by the option of choosing a more detailed explanation.
Bramich, Katy, and Judith Cannon. Capturing the Big Picture:
Strategies for Image Libraries at the National Museum of Australia. National Museum of
Australia, August 1998.
http://www.nma.gov.au:80/aboutus/products/bigpic.pdf
(20 Feb. 2000).
This report provides a comprehensive assessment of the state of
digitisation in Australia in mid-1998, particularly from the viewpoint of cultural
institutions with substantial collections of material culture. From this assessment, a
number of options were created for the National Museum of Australia’s digitisation
project. These options were based on an understanding of the experiences of institutions
that had already implemented digitisation projects, as well as on what is considered to be
best practice in this area.
"Building and Delivering Digital Image Archives: Creating Digital
Image Archives- TASI. Bristol, UK: University of Bristol. http://www.tasi.ac.uk/building/building1.html
(03 Mar. 2000).
This article discusses the three main areas of activities involved in
the creation and delivery of digital image archives. The three major planning areas are:
data capture and creation, data access and delivery, and data collections management. Each
area is then broken down into the key activities associated with that area, and
information on these key activities is available through a series of modules that are
presented either in summary or in detail.
Cartolano, Robert, Janet Gertz, and Susan Klimley. Oversized Color
Images: Addressing Issues of Preservation and Access, New York State Museum Bulletins
Project. New York: Columbia University Libraries and Academic Information System, 02
May 1997. http://www.cc.columbia.edu/dlc/nysmb/
(03 Mar. 2000).
This site outlines the results of a project completed by the Commission
on Preservation and Access, 1994-96, to identify the most acceptable preservation and
access techniques for brittle textual materials associated with oversized color images.
For the test case, volumes of the New York State Museum Bulletin were used.
Chapman, Stephen. "Guidelines for Image Capture." Joint
RLG and NPO Preservation Conference: Guidelines for Digital Imaging. Mountain View,
CA: RLG, 1999.
http://www.thames.rlg.org/preserv/joint/chapman.html
(03 Mar. 2000).
This document reviews five areas related to digital image capture:
materials handling, systems quality, digital master quality, derivatives, and file naming.
The discussion of each area includes an introduction, a list of issues, a review of
technology, a summary of practice to gauge where perspectives are similar and where they
vary, and a conclusion consisting of a list of questions for further discussion.
Copyright FAQ. Arts and Humanities Data Service; Technical
Advisory Service for Images, 12 July 1999. http://ahds.ac.uk/bkgd/copyrightfaq.html
(28 Feb. 2000).
A listing of questions and answers pertaining to copyright, including
areas on fair dealing, the Internet, digitised text material, image copyright, the
performing arts, specialist copyright questions, and resources of other reference works
and web sites on copyright. The document is intended to be used as a quick reference guide
and not as legal advice./P>
Colorado Digitization Project. Colorado: CDP, 12 Jun. 1999.
(20 Feb. 2000).
The Colorado Digitization Project is a collaborative initiative
involving Colorado's archives, historical societies, libraries, and museums, whose goal is
to create a digital library-museum of Colorado’s historical and cultural resources.
This web site is considered to be the focal point of the project. It provides access to
existing Colorado digital collections as well as related national collections, and serves
as a source of information on digitization. Areas such as scanning, metadata, copyright,
and collection development policy/selection statements are covered, as well as issues that
should be considered before starting a digitization project, such as purpose, audience,
funding, and maintenance. The site serves as a means for distributing the strategic plan
and the guidelines and standards used.
Consortium for the Computer Interchange of Museum Information
(CIMI). 10 Mar. 2000.
http://www.cimi.org/ (07 Mar. 2000).
CIMI (the Consortium for the Computer Interchange of Museum
Information) is committed to bringing museum information to the largest possible audience.
CIMI consists of 16 member organizations who have agreed to work cooperatively to solve
problems relating to the electronic interchange of museum information, and who encourage
an open standards-based approach to the management and delivery of digital museum
information. By broadly disseminating the results of its work and inviting participation
in its efforts, CIMI has become the focal point for museums' efforts to find the most
economic and effective means to electronically exchange their information.
Curtain, Dennis. A Short Course in Digital Photography.
Marblehead, MA: Short Courses.
http://www.shortcourses.com/book01/contents.htm
(05 Mar. 2000).
This course is available from the Short Courses Publishing Program and
is part of the Short Courses series of books on digital cameras and digital photography.
This particular course on digital photography appears to cover everything about digital
cameras and the digital process - from purchasing a camera and other advice on getting
started in digital photography to scanning images and stereo photography. According to the
web site, it is considered by many to be the bible of digital photography.
D-Lib Forum. Digital Libraries Initiative, Mar. 2000. http://www.dlib.org/ (26 Mar. 2000).
"The D-Lib Forum supports the community of researchers and
developers working to create and apply the technologies leading to the global digital
library. Its goal is to support and facilitate collaborative activities, information
exchange, and communications of this community."
"Digital Imaging Initiative Web Resource List." Digital
Imaging & Media Technology Initiative - Resources. Urbana, IL: Digital Imaging
& Media Technology Initiative, University of Illinois, 02 Oct. 2000.(18 Mar. 2000).
This site contains a series of web resources pertaining to digital
imaging. The categories of links include: digital imaging - scanning and image editing;
vocabulary tools & data structures; copyright/intellectual property issues; hardware
and software; preservation and conservation; conferences and workshops; image databases on
the web; organizations, groups, and committees; imaging programs at other universities;
researchers and colleagues; electronic resources, bibliographies, reports and articles;
and newsgroups.
"Digitisation". PADI - Preserving Access to Digital
Information. Canberra, AU: National Library of Australia, 11 Mar. 2000. http://www.nla.gov.au/padi/topics/69.html
(06 Mar. 2000).
PADI is the National Library of Australia's Preserving Access to
Digital Information initiative whose goal is to "provide mechanisms that will help to
ensure that information in digital form is managed with appropriate consideration for
preservation and future access." It describes itself as "a subject gateway to
digital preservation resources." In this section of the site there is a discussion
about digitisation and a listing of resources on this topic.
"Digitizing the Collection: Database Design". California
Heritage Collection. Berkeley, CA: The Bancroft Library, UCB. http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/CalHeritage/database.html
(01 Mar. 2000).
The size of the California Heritage Collection, which is over 25,000
photographs, was one of the factors in the decision to create a database of the
collection. This site discusses the design of the database, outlining its structure,
features and maintenance.
Eastman Kodak Company. http://www.kodak.com
(11 Mar. 2000).
This site is the Eastman Kodak Company’s web site and it provides
detailed information about its products and services, including a section on digital
photography.
Ester, Michael. Digital Image Collections: Issues and Practice.
Washington, DC: Commission on Preservation and Access, 1996.
Ester draws from his experience at both the Getty Art History
Information Program and Luna Imaging Inc to write this document which focuses on what
makes the digitization of visual collections different from other scanning projects. The
report touches upon technical, organizational, intellectual, legal, and financial aspects.
It provides tips on planning a digitization project, on working with images, and on
considerations for long-term benefit.
Fleischhauer, Carl. Digital Formats for Content Reproductions.
American Memory, Library of Congress, 13 July 1998. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/formats.html
(03 Mar. 2000).
This document is one in a three part series designed to provide
assistance to applicants in the Library of Congress/Ameritech competition and that covers
the Library of Congress digital conversion activity as of August 1996. This particular
item in the series provides a discussion on capturing digital representations of different
types of materials. The types of materials include: pictorial materials, textual materials
reproduced as searchable text and images, textual materials reproduced as images, maps,
sound recordings, moving-image materials, and headers for computer files.
Fleischhauer, Carl. "Steps in the Digitization Process". NDLP
Internal Documentation. National Digital Library Program, Library of Congress, January
1996.
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/award/docs/stepsdig.html
(28 Feb. 2000).
This document outlines the production process that the Library of
Congress follows when digitizing collections. Even though the information will need to be
revised to suit the user’s purposes, it still serves as a model for this type of
process. The following seven steps outline the process: collection preparation,
contracting for digital conversion, digital capture, quality review, archiving, assembling
the material for the web, and assisting National Digital Library publishing partners when
they create added-value products.
Fulton, Wayne. A few scanning tips. http://scantips.com/ (05 Mar. 2000).
The idea behind this site is "to offer some scanning tips and
hints, help with fundamentals and other basic scanning information to help you get the
most from your scanner". In particular are two sections on this site called
"Scanning 101- the basics" and "Scanning 201: A Simple Way to Get Better
Scans". As the titles suggest they are suitable for those who are beginners to
scanning. The discussions involve how scanning works, how to use them efficiently, and the
different ways they can be used. The intended audience for this site is home and hobby
scanners and so does not deal with commercial matters.
Getty Standards Program. Los Angeles, CA: Getty Research
Institute, 21 Dec. 1999.
http://www.getty.edu/gri/standard/index.htm
(07 Mar. 2000).
"The mission of the Getty Standards Program centers on enhancing
worldwide access to information on the visual arts and related disciplines by promoting
guidelines and practices critical to developing, managing, and delivering information
online. Data standards are the enabling mechanisms for information networks; they serve
the needs of both information professionals and researchers of all levels, and point to a
future of cooperative alliances in the cultural sector. Working together with the Getty
Vocabulary Program, the Getty Standards Program seeks to: implement, promote, and
disseminate data standards for art information; provide integrated intellectual access to
Getty resources; foster teamwork across Getty programs; and assist in the creation of
digital resources for the history of art and material culture."
Gosselin, Andrée. Comment numériser vos collections? : Le Guide de
planification du Réseau Info-Muse. [Montréal]: Société des musées québécois, 1997.
This book,published by the Société des musées québécois, is a
practical guide on digitization for museums. It is divided into three sections: the first
section discusses the use of digital images in musems; the second discusses planning for
digitization. The third section discusses implementation and technical considerations.
Granger, S., L. Harmsen & J.R.Hemsley. "Selected Technology
Issues".
MAGNETS: Museum and Galleries New Technology Study. Hampshire, UK: Vasari Enterprises,
Jan. 1997. http://www.vasari.co.uk/magnets/wp5/
(10 Mar. 2000).
"L’étude MAGNETS". MAGNETS (Museums & Galleries New Technology
Study). http://www.videomuseum.fr/magnt/magntc.htm
(10 Mar. 2000).
The primary aim of this work is to provide a clear view of key
technology issues for museums and galleries, and in particular to issues which are highly
relevant to imaging projects whether they are for local access or web access. The four key
technology areas discussed are digitisation, storage, data standards, and World Wide Web
technologies. This last area also includes references to important sites.
Grout, Catherine, Phill Purdy, and Janine Rymer. "Section 5.1:
Project Management". Creating Digital Resources for the Visual Arts: Standards and
Good Practice. Bristol, U.K.: Visual Arts Data Service. http://vads.ahds.ac.uk/guides/creating_guide/sect51.html
(18 Mar. 2000).
This document discusses project management techniques, tools and
processes that may be applied to a variety of data creation scenarios, and in particular,
to projects which involve the creation, management and delivery of a large number of
digital records such as a collection of digital images. It also promotes "awareness
about what is distinct about a digital resource and its life cycle and how in some
respects it requires special treatment differentiating it from the products or resources
generated by non-digital projects".
Guide to Good Practice in the Digital Representation and Management
of Cultural Heritage Materials. Washington, DC: NINCH, April 1999. http://www.ninch.org/PROJECTS/practice/rfprfp1.html
(28 Feb. 2000).
The National Initiative for a Networked Cultural Heritage (NINCH)
undertook this project to review and evaluate current practice in the digital networking
of cultural heritage resources. The starting point for the project was the creation of an
initial definition of good practice which consisted of six principles, each of which had a
set of evaluative criteria, by which to judge current practice.
HEDS Papers. Hertfordshire, UK : Higher Education Digitisation
Service (HEDS).
http://heds.herts.ac.uk/HEDCinfo/Papers.html
(06 Mar. 2000).
HEDS, the Higher Education Digitisation Service, is a "JISC
Service offering expert advice with a total management package to provide complete
digitisation services". HEDS offers is this site, HEDS Papers, and a series of
articles relating to digitisation. Some of the topics the articles cover include planning
and costing of digitisation projects, digitising library materials, case studies, and a
number of papers concerning past and future HEDS projects.
Harris, Lesley Ellen. Canadian Copyright Law. 2nd ed.
Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1995.
Among the numerous subjects addressed in this book are Canadian
copyright law and its fundamental principles, copyright protection and ownership, what
constitutes the legal use of copyright materials, international copyright protection, a
comparison to American copyright law and a discussion of copyright in relation to rapidly
changing technology, especially in terms of the Information Superhighway. The book itself
was written in everyday language and was intended to be used as an information guide and
not as legal advice.
Harris, Lesley Ellen. Digital Property: Currency of the 21st
Century. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1998.
This book deals with copyright and digital property. Because of the
phenomenal growth of digital media, especially the Internet, intellectual property and who
owns what have become hot topics. This book was written from the viewpoint of a creator
and content owner as well as the investor and new media entrepreneur. Some of the topics
covered include how copyright varies around the world, how to appraise your own
intellectual property, and how to guard against piracy. Jobs relating to intellectual
property, and issues relating to valuing, marketing, selling and licensing intellectual
property in the new media are discussed.
Hazen, Dan, Jeffery Horrell, and Jan Merrill-Oldham. Selecting
Research Collections for Digitization. Washington, D.C.: Council on Library and
Information Resources, August 1998.
http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/hazen/pub74.html
(28 Feb. 2000).
This report contains planning information for research libraries that
are contemplating large-scale digital conversion of holdings for research and teaching
purposes. The areas discussed in the report include selection criteria, imaging standards,
rights management issues, preservation concerns, and the impact of digitization on the
library and its users.
"How to". Digital Media Solutions. Ann Arbor, MI:
University of Michigan, 10 Oct. 1996. http://www.oit.itd.umich.edu/projects/DMS/answers/index.html
(03 Mar. 2000).
This document covers a number of points including what a digital image
is, achieving good color images in PowerPoint, a guide to web colour, storage guidelines
for digital media creation (video and audio), and how to pick the right media database
system.
ICONCLASS. Informatiekunde Instituut / Institute for Information
Science, Utrecht University, 16 Oct. 1999. http://iconclass.let.ruu.nl/home.html
(07 Mar. 2000).
"ICONCLASS is an iconographic classification system. In essence
this means that it is a collection of ready-made definitions of objects, persons, events,
situations and abstract ideas, that can be the subject of a work of art. These definitions
are based on many years of iconographic research by the inventor of ICONCLASS, Henri van
de Waal (1910-1972), Professor of Art History at the University of Leiden, and many of his
students and colleagues".
Image File Formats List. Center for Innovative Computer
Applications, 21 Nov. 1994.
http://cica.indiana.edu/graphics/image.formats.html
(03 Mar. 2000).
This document consists of a listing of many of the most common image
file formats. It also contains information about what conversion filter(s) support each
format and links to image file specs.
Creating Digital Image Archives –Bristol, UK: TASI,
University of Bristol.
http://www.tasi.ac.uk/building/dig_pres1.html
http://www.tasi.ac.uk/building/image_hand_prep.html
(20 Mar. 2000).
This short summary deals with the issues involved with preparing an
image collection for digitisation. It outlines the need for a feasibility study and for
bench marking to ensure the quality of image capture.
Image Scanning: A Basic Helpsheet. Charlottesville, VA:
Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia. (05 Mar. 2000).
This site outlines the image scanning process used by the Electronic
Text Center at Alderman Library, University of Virginia. It includes discussions on image
types, resolution, and image file formats, "Archival Imaging" and associated
metadata, and recommendations for using Adobe Photoshop and DeskScan software with an HP
Scanjet flatbed scanner.
"Imaging and imagebases". Digital Imaging.
Conservation OnLine (CoOL), 08 Mar. 2000.
http://palimpsest.stanford.edu/bytopic/imaging/
(07Mar. 2000).
"CoOL, a project of the Preservation Department of Stanford
University Libraries, is a full text library of conservation information, covering a wide
spectrum of topics of interest to those involved with the conservation of library,
archives and museum materials." On this page of their web site, they have a listing
of digital imaging resources, including a section on imaging and image databases;
standards, specifications, and formats; bibliographic resources; and digital imaging
resources at other sites.
Information Technology in Canadian Museums: Preliminary Survey Results.
Ottawa: Canadian Heritage Information Network, 1999.
www.chin.gc.ca
The Information Technology in Canadian Museums survey, initiated by the
Canadian Heritage Information Network in April 1999, is the most comprehensive survey of
its type in Canada. The survey results answered many questions relating to information
technology and imaging technology in the Canadian museum community including how
technology, computers, automation and the Internet are being used, and how museums
interact and exchange information with other museums in the community. These are some of
the preliminary observations from the survey results and after further in-depth analysis
of the data, additional findings will be released at later date.
Institute for Image Data Research. Newcastle, UK: University of
Northumbria, 2000.
http://www.unn.ac.uk/iidr/menu.html (07
Mar. 2000).
Set up by the University of Northumbria, the Institute for Image Data
Research brought together researchers from a range of disciplines who had a common
interest in images and their use in human communication. Their research is essentially
people-centred, concentrating on analyzing users' needs for visual information, and how
these needs can be met in the most effective way. This research will allow them to develop
a range of improved techniques for image storage, retrieval and interpretation, and
provide systems and services designed to meet real user needs.
International Committee for Documentation of the International
Council of Museums (CIDOC), 10 Mar. 2000. www.cidoc.icom.org
(07 Mar. 2000).
"CIDOC is the international focus for the documentation interests
of museums and similar organisations. It is a constituent committee of the International
Council of Museums (ICOM), established during the 1950 ICOM General Conference in
London". Their mission statement is as follows: "CIDOC provides a forum for
discussing and providing advice on the application of documentation standards, and
information and communication technologies, for the gathering, management and sharing of
the knowledge carried in heritage collections".
"Introduction to JPEG Compression and Graphics FAQs" JPEG
- Information Links. Elysium Ltd. http://www.jpeg.org/public/jpeglinks.htm
(03 Mar. 2000).
This site entitled JPEG - Information Links consists of a series
of links on JPEG related information. The links are broken down into sections including a
section called "Introduction to JPEG compression and graphics FAQs".
Issues in Digitization: A report prepared for the Washington State
Library Council. Olympia, WA: Washington State Library, January 5, 1999.
http://www.statelib.wa.gov/projects/Digitize/Digitization10.html
(20 Feb. 2000).
This report provides information about the issues of conversion of
non-digital materials to digital files as defined by the Collaborative Digitization
Project. It was prepared by members of the Washington State Library for its Council. The
information in the report represents data gathered at the beginning of their research and
is expected to be further explored and validated or revised during the project. It is
expected that this information will be indicative of the depth of research required for
this project and of the range of possible costs as based on known or predicted costs of
tasks completed on other digitization efforts.
Joint Information Services Committee (JISC): Networks and Innovative
Services for Higher Education. Bristol, U.K.: JISC, 11 Jan. 2000. http://www.jisc.ac.uk/ (07 Mar. 2000).
The mission of JISC is: "To stimulate and enable the cost
effective exploitation of information systems and to provide a high quality national
network infrastructure for the UK higher education and research councils
communities." JISC is funded by the Scottish Higher Education Funding Council, the
Higher Education Funding Council for England, the Higher Education Funding Council for
Wales and the Department of Education Northern Ireland. The aim of the web site is to
portray the whole spectrum of the work done by JISC.
Kenney, Anne R., and Oya Y. Rieger. Managing Digital Imaging Projects
Course. Mountain View, CA: Research Libraries Group (RLG), 1999.
This workshop was geared to persons beginning the process of a digital
imaging program. The goal of the workshop was to provide participants with the means to
move beyond theory and into action, to reach the point where they would be implementing
strategies that were representative of current and emerging standards, best practices, and
sound decision-making. The key areas that were focused on were selection, digitization,
quality control, metadata creation, image processing, systems building, access,
preservation, and management.
Kenney, Anne R., and Oya Y. Rieger. Using Kodak Photo CD Technology
for Preservation and Access: A Guide for Librarians, Archivists, and Curators. Ithaca,
NY: Department of Preservation and Conservation, Cornell University Library.
http://www.library.cornell.edu/preservation/kodak/kodak-htm.htm
(03 Mar. 2000).
This document summarizes the results of a study that evaluated Kodak
Photo CD technology as a tool for preserving and making available electronically a broad
range of research materials. The study was coordinated by Cornell University Library's
Department of Preservation and Conservation and it evaluated the Photo CD technology by
controlling the factors that affect image quality during photography, digitization, and
on-screen viewing. It did this in an attempt to determine when this technology was the
ideal solution for digital preservation and access, and what factors contributed to its
effective application.
Kingma, Bruce R. The Economics of Digital Access: The Early
Canadiana Online Project. Albany, NY: University of Albany, August 10, 1999. http://www.albany.edu/~bk797/research.htm
(18 Mar. 2000).
This document looks at the economics of the production, storage and
distribution of information in print, microfiche, and digital format, including the cost
of archiving and providing access to these materials. The costs of these formats were
estimated as part of the Early Canadiana Online Project which digitized over 3000 titles
of the Canadian Institute of Historical Microreproductions collection. Production and
storage costs, opportunity costs to patrons, and potential market for digital access to
the Early Canadiana online collection were studied, along with the benefits of
digitization. Data collected for this study will be important in determining the level of
investment for future digitization projects of historical materials.
Kirschenbaum, Matthew G. LOOKSEE : Resources for Image-based
Humanities Computing. Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky, 27 Jan. 2000. http://www.rch.uky.edu/~mgk/looksee/ (03
Mar. 2000).
"LOOKSEE's long-term goal is to serve as a community focal point
for the collaborative development of open source image analysis tools". The site
includes a discussion list and an archive of its proceedings.
Lee, Stuart D. Scoping the Future of the University of Oxford’s
Digital Library Collections. Oxford, UK: University of Oxford, Sept. 1999. http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/scoping/report.html
(06 Mar. 2000).
This report was undertaken to help the libraries sector at Oxford
University determine its current digitization activities and to map out its plans for the
future in order for Oxford to "fulfil its potential in the area of
digitization." The study looks not only at Oxford, but also at the current trends
both in and out of the UK. Though this study focuses on Oxford, the recommendations made
in it will be of interest to other institutions where similar issues are being considered.
The study shows that Oxford has "mapped out a strategy for taking digitization
forward with a clear model for a set of digital library services, and a potential means
for digital content creation of high research." There are also a number of appendices
that contain materials on a range of key subject areas.
"Links to Digitisation Resources and Sites". Digitisation
Summer School '99. Glasgow, UK: The Humanities Advanced Technology and Information
Institute, University of Glasgow, 18 Oct. 1999. http://www.hatii.arts.gla.ac.uk/Digiss99/URLs.html
(06 Mar. 2000).
This site provides a listing of links to digitisation resources and
sites. The links are sub-arranged into the following sections: archives, libraries,
digitisation of arts and heritage assets, funding of digitisation in cultural sector,
articles and readings (including links from the reading list), and journals.
Lynn-George, Jann. Digitization: A Literature Review and Summary of
Technical Processes, Applications and Issues. Edmonton, AB: University of Alberta
Libraries, 21 Dec. 1998. http://www.library.ualberta.ca/library_html/libraries/law/digit1.html
(03 Mar. 2000).
The objective of this report is to detail the technical processes
involved in digitization, their applications, and implementation issues, as represented in
the research and professional literature. Detailed explanations are given for relatively
new or complicated technology; otherwise, discussion focuses on elements of the process
that involve decisions which are likely to have an impact on significant features of a
digital system, such as access, quality and cost. The survey was generally limited to the
period 1990 to 1998, with a few earlier titles. It includes an annotated bibliography
containing references related to digitization, digital imaging, digital libraries and the
preservation of digital information.
MDA Online. http://www.open.gov.uk/mdocassn/
(07 Mar. 2000).
The Museum Documentation Association (MDA) is funded by the Museums and
Galleries Commission (MGC) to encourage best practice in all aspects of museum
documentation. It is dedicated to supporting the information management needs of museums,
galleries and heritage organisations.
MOAC Technical Specifications Working Draft. Museums and the
Online Archive of California. http://www.bampfa.berkeley.edu/moac/specs.html
(01 Mar. 2000).
This site presents "specifications for submissions of EAD encoded
finding aids and associated materials from museums to the Online Archive of
California." It is a draft for the Museums and the Online Archive of California
project, and includes notes on relations between standards recommended for MOAC and other
standards used in the field.
Museum Computer Network (MCN). http://www.mcn.edu/
(07 Mar. 2000).
"The Museum Computer Network is a nonprofit organization of
professionals dedicated to fostering the cultural aims of museums through the use of
computer technologies". They are there to assist individuals and institutions wanting
to improve their means of developing, managing, and conveying museum information through
the use of automation. They encourage "cooperative efforts that enable museums to be
more effective at creating and disseminating cultural and scientific knowledge as
represented by their collections and related documentation."
"NDLP Project Planning Checklist". American Memory.
Washington, DC: National Digital Library Program, Library of Congress, January 1997. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/prjplan.html
(28 Feb. 2000).
The production process for historical collections at the Library of
Congress is outlined in this document: it therefore reflects the Library’s
administrative structure and procedures. Since it is based on the process at the Library
of Congress, not all of the steps, and even perhaps additional steps, may be required by
other institutions. The Checklist takes you through the following processes: selection,
planning, digitization and creation of access aids, archiving, creating a framework,
assembling the collection, testing and refining, releasing and updating.
National Initiative for a Networked Cultural Heritage (NINCH).
Washington, DC: NINCH, 09 Mar. 2000. http://www.ninch.org/
(07 Mar. 2000).
"The National Initiative for a Networked Cultural Heritage (NINCH)
is a diverse coalition of organizations created to assure leadership from the cultural
community in the evolution of the digital environment." It achieves its mission
through education, through creating an information-sharing platform for the community, and
through the provision of a framework to develop and advance projects, programs and
partnerships to benefit the cultural community.
Noel, Wanda. Checklist for Licensing Museum Images. Ottawa: Canadian
Heritage Information Network, 1997.
This document contains a checklist that identifies and discusses key
issues to be addressed in a licensing agreement between a museum and a person or
organization who wants to acquire the right to use a museum’s images and/or
information when creating a commercial or consumer product, or for the purposes of
sub-licensing.
Noerr, Peter. The Digital Library Tool Kit. Palo Alto, CA: Sun
Microsystems, April 1998. http://www.sun.com/products-n-solutions/edu/libraries/digitaltoolkit.html
(20 Feb. 2000).
This document is designed to provide assistance for setting up a
digital library, either for first-timers or for those extending existing services. It is
divided into three sections. The first section introduces a series of questions intended
more to bring about discussion than to produce answers. The second section provides
information about the planning and implementation of a digital library, while the third
section includes resources and a look at current research, existing digital library
systems, and the future.
"Normes techniques et standards de qualité recommandés par le
Réseau Info-Muse de la SMQ". Projet de numerisation du Réseau Info-Muse.
L’Observatoire SMQ (Société des musées québécois), 15 fev. 2000. http://www.smq.qc.ca/publicsspec/zonelibre/numerisation/normes.phtml
(29 Feb. 2000).
This Web site provides information on the technical and quality
standards recommended by Réseau Info-Muse. It explains the need for standards, both in
digitization and classical photography, describes the recommended standards for Info-Muse
and, provides links to Web sites with further information.
Numérisation du patrimoine culturel: informations techniques.
Le Ministère de la culture et de la communication. http://www.culture.fr/culture/mrt/numerisation/fr/technique/technique.htm
(05 Mar. 2000).
The site " numérisation du patrimoine culturel " is produced
by the Comité scientifique pour la documentation informatisée et le multimédia du
Conseil ministériel de la recherche. The 'Technical information' section of the site
provides links for the following categories: The Digital Image: Basic Concepts, Management
of the iconographic holdings of the ministry; Digitization plan - libraries; Digitization
plan - General Inventory; Selection of Web sites on digitization techniques; Commercial
Imaging links.
Ogden, Sherelyn, ed. Preservation of Library and Archival Materials:
A Manual. 3rd ed. Andover, MA: Northeast Document Conservation Center
(NEDCC), 1999. http://www.nedcc.org/plam3/newman.htm
(06 Mar. 2000).
The purpose of this manual is "to provide the basic, practical
information needed to enable nonconservator staff of libraries and archives to plan and
implement sound collections care programs or to incorporate preservation principles into
existing collections care programs." It aims to provide direction or guidance on
preservation issues, and in particular, on preventing or slowing down the deterioration of
paperbased library and archival materials, with an emphasis more on the preservation of
entire collections as opposed to single objects. It is introductory in nature, intended to
be used by staff who have little or no professional preservation training or experience.
It is also intended for those who make decisions that affect preservation of collections,
such as the selection of storage enclosures or the specification of storage locations and
methods.
Pantalony, Rina Elster. Protecting Your Interests: A Legal Guide to
Negotiating Web Site Development and Virtual Exhibition Agreements. Ottawa: Canadian
Heritage Information Network, 1999.
Having produced web-based products for almost as long as the medium has
existed, CHIN would like to share the legal lessons it has learned along the way. This
publication shows the heritage community how legal headaches commonly associated with
producing online exhibitions, or even entire web sites, can be easily avoided.
Photoshop Tutorials. San Jose, CA: Adobe Systems Inc. http://www.adobe.com/products/tips/photoshop.html
(05 Mar. 2000).
This page contains a series of Photoshop tutorials. There are about
thirty different tutorials on topics ranging from "digital duplication" and
repairing damaged photos, to creating animated images and transparency effects.
"Projet de gestion des images numériques à l'Inventaire
général: recommandations techniques". Numérisation du patrimoine culturel:
informations techniques. Ministère de la culture et de la communication, Direction du
Patrimoine, sous-direction de l'Inventaire, bureau de l'information documentaire et des
nouvelles technologies, Mai 1999. (03 Mar. 2000).
The site "numérisation du patrimoine culturel" is produced
by the Comité scientifique pour la documentation informatisée et le multimédia du
Conseil ministériel de la recherche. The 'Technical information' section of the site
provides links for the following categories: The Digital Image: Basic Concepts, Management
of the iconographic holdings of the ministry; Digitization plan - libraries; Digitization
plan - General Inventory; Selection of Web sites on digitization techniques; Commercial
Imaging links.
Puglia, Steve. Creating Permanent and Durable Information: Physical
Media and Storage Standards. CRM, 1999. http://tps.cr.nps.gov/crm/archive/22-2/22-02-10.pdf
(28 Feb. 2000).
This outline provides "references to guidance on the creation and
management of durable copies of information, including paper records, microfilm,
photographs, and digital images."
Puglia, Steven. "The Costs of Digital Imaging Projects". RLG
DigiNews 3:5, October 15, 1999. http://www.rlg.ac.uk/preserv/diginews/diginews3-5.html
(29 Feb. 2000).
This article lists items to be cost considered when working on a
digital imaging project and provides an analysis on these costs including numerous
breakdowns of dollar amounts, percentages, and cost comparisons. The data gathered
represents ‘average’ costs and is intended to be used as a reference to
determine whether specific project costs are "in the ballpark." It also provides
details on what should be considered for ongoing and maintenance costs.
Puglia, Steven and Barry Roginski. "NARA Guidelines for Digitizing
Archival Materials for Electronic Access". The Electronic Access Project.
National Archives and Records Administration, 06 Dec. 1999. http://www.nara.gov/nara/vision/eap/eapspec.html
(03 Mar. 2000).
These guidelines for digitizing textual, photographic, maps/plans and
graphic materials were developed for internal NARA use in their Electronic Access Project
and are not representative of a standard for digital imaging. They were developed "to
provide a method of evaluating the quality of images produced, to estimate the data
storage for access (on-line) files and master (off-line) files, and to assist in
determining the need for upgrades to the NARA network infrastructure."
RLG DigiNews. Mountain View, CA: Research Libraries Group (RLG),
Feb. 2000.
http://www.rlg.ac.uk/preserv/diginews/
(06 Mar. 2000).
RLG DigiNews is a bimonthly web-based newsletter with a focus on the
following areas: issues of particular interest and value to managers of digital
initiatives with a preservation component or rationale; providing filtered guidance and
pointers to relevant projects to improve awareness of evolving practices in image
conversion and digital archiving; and to announce publications that will help attain a
better understanding of digital issues.
RLG REACH Element Set For Shared Description of Museum Objects.
Mountain View, CA: Research Libraries Group (RLG), 2 Sept. 1998. http://www.rlg.org/reach.elements.html
(01Mar. 2000).
The REACH project was established to "to explore how existing
information in museum collection management systems could be extracted and repurposed to
provide online access to museum object descriptive information" and should prove to
be helpful to museums, cultural heritage institutions, vendors to the museum community,
and others. It is presented as one means for advancing a more general standard for museum
information sharing.
RLG Tools for Digital Imaging. The RLG Preservation Program
(PRESERV), June 98.
http://www.thames.rlg.org/preserv/RLGtools.html
(02 Mar. 2000).
RLG recognized that there was a need for assistance with issues related
to digital imaging projects so Cornell University's Department of Preservation and
Conservation was contracted to produce a series of tools. From their efforts the following
documents were produced: the RLG Worksheet for Estimating Digital Reformatting Costs, the
RLG Guidelines for Creating a Request for Proposal for Digital Imaging Services, the RLG
Model Request for Information (RFI), and the RLG Model Request for Proposals (RFP). All
four documents are available from this site and work together to enable institutions to
plan, budget, and prepare for digital imaging projects.
"RLG Worksheet for Estimating Digital Reformatting Costs".
RLG Tools for Digital Imaging. The RLG Preservation Program (PRESERV), May 1998. http://www.rlg.org/preserv/RLGWorksheet.pdf
(29 Feb. 2000).
This worksheet is a guide to the preparation of a budget for a
digitization project, aimed at either in-house scanning projects or for projects using an
outside vendor. The activities are outlined in eleven steps, with each step having an
individual write-up and worksheet. The document not only covers the budget aspect, but
also serves as a reminder of all the areas that should be covered when planning a digital
reformatting project. An accompanying appendix provides "a methodology for
determining scanning requirements based on an assessment of document attributes and
current scanning technologies".
Rees, Christopher, and Simon Chalton, eds. Database Law. Bristol
[England]: Jordans Publishing Limited, 1998.
The focus of this book is on the intellectual property aspects of
database law. Central to this discussion is the UK’s Copyright and Rights in
Databases Regulations.
Rees, Jeremy. "On the Subject of Intellectual Property Rights
(IPR), Including Copyright – a Help and a Hindrance to Cultural Heritage?" The
New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia. 4 (1998): 215.
Requests for Proposals for Digital Images of Pictorial Materials.
Library of Congress.
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/prpsal9/coverpag.html
(29 Feb. 2000).
The mission of the Library of Congress "is to assemble, preserve,
and provide access to a universal collection representing human knowledge in order to
serve the United States Congress and the American people". The Library of Congress is
working to provide this access via online networks, and to establish a national digital
library by working with other libraries and archives. To assist with this goal the
National Digital Library Program was created to focus on the conversion of historical
collections to digital form. The Library of Congress contracted out the digitization of
specific areas of its collection and the Requests Proposals for Digital Images of
Pictorial Materials outlines the schedule for this conversion and the requirements for
each contract, from packaging and marking through to specific requirements for various
collections.
Research Libraries Group (RLG). Mountain View, CA: RLG, 10 Mar.
2000.
http://www.thames.rlg.org/ (07 Mar. 2000).
The Research Libraries Group, Inc. (RLG) is a not-for-profit membership
corporation of universities, archives, historical societies, museums, and other
institutions devoted to improving access to information that supports research and
learning. This site describes their activities and services, offers assistance to members
and users, and shares news topics with users. Their goals between 1996 and 2000 were to
transform research, to become a global resource, and to provide distinctive library
services. Based on these goals their new initiatives for 2000 and on include access to
cultural material resources, long-term retention of digital research materials, and
next-generation resource sharing.
Rights and Reproduction Information Network (RARIN), 24 May
1999.
http://www.panix.com/~squigle/rarin/01rcsite.html
(28 Feb. 2000).
The Rights and Reproduction Information Network (RARIN) is a taskforce
of the Registrars Committee – a Standing Professional Committee of the American
Association of Museums. This site originated as an attempt to assist in a variety of areas
related to the rights and reproduction of museum materials including copyright and
licensing information, and to also serve as a resource for researching copyright,
intellectual property rights, and rights and reproduction services at museums.
Roosen-Runge, Peter H. The Virtual Display Case: Making Museum
Image Assets Safely Visible. 2nd ed. Ottawa: Canadian Heritage Information
Network, 1998.
Roosen-Runge, Peter. La vitrine virtuelle : Exposer en toute sécurité la richesse
visuelle des musées. Ottawa: Réseau canadien d'information sur le patrimoine, 1998.
This study explores the issues related to the management and protection
of images in a network environment. It analyses various technical options for protecting
digital imagery such as watermarking, encryption, digital signatures and fingerprinting.
It also discusses a variety of rights management systems.
Sample CD-ROM Licensing Agreements for Museums. Canadian Common Law ed.
Ottawa: Canadian Heritage Information Network, 1997.
The licensing agreements in this book are based on the publication Sample
CD-ROM Licensing Agreements for Museums, developed by MUSE Educational Media in
consultation with attorneys and representative museums in the United States and adapted
for use under Canadian Common Law. The agreements provide models upon which museums, when
working with their own lawyers, can draw from when licensing images to CD-ROM producers.
Sample CD-ROM Licensing Agreements for Museums. Civil law ed. Ottawa:
Canadian Heritage Information Network, 1997.
These licensing agreements are based on the publication Sample
CD-ROM Licensing Agreements for Museums, developed by MUSE Educational Media in
consultation with attorneys and representative museums in the United States and adapted
for use under the code civil of the province of Quebec. The agreements provide models upon
which museums, when working with their own lawyers, can draw from when licensing images to
CD-ROM producers.
Selection Criteria for Digital Imaging Projects. New York:
Columbia University, 16 June 1998. http://www.columbia.edu/cu/libraries/digital/criteria.htm
(28 Feb. 2000).
This site provides a listing of criteria that should be applied in the
process of selecting materials for digital imaging before any new project is initiated.
The criteria is grouped into three areas: collection development, handling and use, and
added value.
"Selection Criteria, Guidelines, Decision-making Aids". Joint
RLG and NPO Preservation Conference: Guidelines for Digital Imaging, 28 – 30
September 1998. Mountain View, CA: Research Libraries Group (RLG); Bath, UK:
University of Bath.(06 Mar. 2000).
This document provides a listing of resources that covers selection
criteria, guidelines and decision-making aids associated with digitization projects. The
resources are divided into two sections, general studies and discussion of selection
criteria, and published recommendations and examples of existing institutional guidelines
available on the web.
"Selection for Digitizing: A Decision-Making Matrix". Selection
for Digitization. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Libraries Preservation, 1998. http://www.clir.org/cpa/reports/hazen/matrix.html
(28 Feb. 2000).
This decision-making matrix provides guidelines for selecting materials
for digital reformatting. It is based on a Harvard white paper, and is presented in the
form of a flow chart.
Shaughnessy, Roxane. An Approach to the Digitization of the Collection
at the Museum for Textiles. Toronto: Museum for Textiles, 1999.
"The purpose of this study was to determine the best approach to
the digitization of the collection of the Museum for Textiles. This Museum holds a small
specialized collection of textiles and related artifacts, and the objective was to
determine the best way to undertake the planning and development of an image database. The
study involved an analysis of the Museum’s needs, and consultations with other
museums engaged in similar projects. The outcome is a plan for a long term strategy that
will crate a lasting high quality digital archive that will satisfy both today’s
applications and future needs". The mission for this report was guided by the
questions ‘what are we trying to create and for what purposes?
Shaughnessy, Roxane. "Planning the Digitization of a Museum
Collection". Ontario Museum Association Newsletter, September/October 1999.
(available on CHIN Heritage Forum).
This article is based on a report by the same author entitled "An
Approach to the Digitization of the Collection at the Museum for Textiles." The
purpose of that report was to decide upon the best course of action for a digitization
project at the Museum for Textiles. The intention for this article was for it to be used
as a general guide and information resource for museums planning or engaging in
digitization projects.
Smith, Abby. Why Digitize? Washington, DC: Council on Library
and Information Resources, February 1999. http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub80-smith/pub80.html
(20 Feb. 2000).
This paper, written in response to discussions at meetings of the
National Humanities Alliance (NHA), addresses the issues libraries and archives face when
deciding about a digital conversion program and summarizes the experiences encountered by
some institutions with their own digitization projects. The paper discusses what digital
information is and what access it provides. It comments on the advantages and
disadvantages of digitization for cultural material and how new technologies are impacting
traditional library roles.
Smith, Steven. The Redefining of Museums: A Paper delivered at
Museums and the Web ’98, Toronto, Canada 1998. Unley, AU: United Focus, 1998. http://www.unitedfocus.com.au/internet.html
(28 Mar. 2000).
The essence of this paper is that museums need to go online in order to
survive. The paper outlines what the author believes are the major online agents of
change, including the character and nature of that change, and provides suggestions on the
best way for museums to manage change.
Smith, Steve, and Mark Minarelli. Digitisation of Collections:
Consultancy Report. Unley, AU: United Focus, November 1996. http://www.unitedfocus.com.au (20 Feb. 2000).
This consultancy report was written to explore the policy issues that
arise when museums, art galleries, libraries and archives digitise their collections, and
focuses on the digitisation of national works held by all major Australian libraries,
museums, art galleries and archives. The report includes the following chapters: what is
meant by digitisation, the digitisation environment in Australia today, the institutions -
in a changing landscape, managing the digitisation process and digital objects, the
structural and commercial environment, the on-line landscape, summary of the key issues,
and appendices. Case studies are used to illustrate the main points.
Steiner, Christine. "The Double Edged Sword: Museums and the Fair
Use Doctrine". Museum News September-October 1997: 33.
This article engages in a clear and informative discussion of copyright
and fair use as it relates to creative works, and in particular, museums. The fair-use
test is discussed in detail, and references to actual cases are effectively used to
demonstrate the author’s point. The efforts of various organizations to help in this
complex area are also mentioned.
TCI Convergence Limited. Best Practices Study of Museum CD-ROM
Production. Ottawa: Canadian Heritage Information Network, 1998.
"The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of the best
practices of museums that have produced CD-ROMs. The primary focus of this study is the
CD-ROM as a possible revenue generation instrument to museums. Accordingly, this project
focuses on the business issues of CD-ROM production by museums. The study also addresses a
range of other issues associated with the production, design and museological aspects of
CD-ROMs, although these issues were a secondary focus".
Tanner, Simon, and Brian Robinson. A Feasibility Study for the JISC
Image Digitisation Initiative (JIDI). Hertfordshire, UK: HEDS, 17 July 1998. http://heds.herts.ac.uk/Guidance/JIDI_fs.html
(01 Mar. 2000).
The Study offers practical solutions for the issues presented by the
range of image types involved in the JIDI. It details the background, method, technical
baselines, findings and results, proposed production processes, procedures and potential
costs. The study looks at the particular challenges presented by each of the sample
collections - challenges such as colour matching, photographs, textiles and large format
or extremely fragile originals. Issues such as the use of photographic surrogates,
transport and handling issues and metadata requirements are also presented. The Study will
be of interest to any project team preparing an image digitisation project and describes
many of the issues that should be considered.
Tanner, Simon, and Joanne Lomax Smith. "Digitisation: How much
does it really cost?" HEDS Papers. Higher Education Digitisation Service,
September 1999.
http://heds.herts.ac.uk/HEDCinfo/Papers.html
(08 Mar. 2000).
There are many factors that will influence the cost of undertaking a
digitisation project and these factors are discussed in this paper along with advice and
practical tips on ways in which to lower these costs. The following points are addressed:
what makes up a digitisation project and what are the major costs, how will various
factors such as the choice of the original and the technical specification affect costs,
and whether to out-source or use in-house resources. A matrix showing examples of
comparative costs of digitising a variety of media is included.
Technical Advisory Service for Images (TASI). Bristol, UK: TASI.
http://www.tasi.ac.uk/ (06 Mar. 2000).
"TASI is a service funded by the Joint Information Systems
Committee (JISC) set up to advise and support the academic community on the digital
creation, storage and delivery of image-related information. It is based within the
Institute for Learning and Research Technology (ILRT) a national centre of excellence in
the development and use of technology-based methods in teaching, learning and research, of
the University of Bristol. Its objectives are to share and promote technical expertise and
standards within the academic and public sectors, and to enable the academic community to
develop digital archives of good quality image-related materials to support effective
teaching and research by providing comprehensive information and advice."
Technical Metadata Elements for Images Workshop. Washington, DC:
National Information Standards Organization, April 18-19, 1999. http://www.niso.org/image.html (29 Feb. 2000).
This workshop was sponsored by NISO (The National Information Standards
Organization), CLIR (The Council on Library and Information Resources) and RLG (The
Research Libraries Group). The workshop was organized to examine technical information
needed to manage and use digital still images that reproduce a variety of pictures,
documents and artifacts. Three areas in particular are discussed: characteristics and
features of images, image production and reformatting features, and image identification
and integrity issues. Groups present at the workshop included libraries, universities,
museums, archives, the digital library community, the government, and the digital imaging
vendor community.
"Technical Notes On Formats for Digital Reproductions". The
Library of Congress/Ameritech 1998/99 Guidelines: National Digital Library Competition.
Washington, DC: American Memory, Library of Congress. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/award/html/technical_notes1.html
(02 Mar. 2000).
A competition entitled the National Digital Library Competition was
sponsored by the Library of Congress to "enable public, research, and academic
libraries, museums, historical societies and archival institutions (except federal
institutions) to create digital collections of primary resources." This site
discusses the formats for these digital reproductions as required by the Library of
Congress.
The/Marketing/Works® and Phase 5 Consulting Group. Like Light Through
a Prism: Analyzing Commercial Markets for Cultural Heritage Content. Ottawa: Canadian
Heritage Information Network, 1999.
This report explores the feasibility of commercialising museum
intellectual property by Canadian museums, galleries, and heritage institutions. The two
goals for this project were to determine if there was a market for such a product, and
what intellectual property would have the greatest chance of success. An analysis of
different markets is presented, including a comparison of each market and its awareness of
museum intellectual property.
Training Workshop in Digitization Methods. Ottawa: Canadian Heritage
Information Network, 1999. Atelier de formation sur les méthodes de numérisation des
images. Ottawa: Réseau canadien d’information sur le patrimoine, 1999.
"This course has been developed for the museum professional
intending to perform digitization projects for still images using commonly available and
inexpensive desktop scanning equipment. The objective of this course is to provide museum
professionals with an understanding of the issues and procedures for digitizing
two-dimensional objects, primarily for inclusion in a museum’s collection management
system and for eventual distribution on Internet web sites. This course will also discuss
options for using service bureau, high-end scanning equipment, digital audio and video;
however the focus is intended for the mid-range two-dimensional scanner market".
Visual Resources at Harvard University Task Group Report.
"Appendix G: Collection Management Information". Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University.
http://www.peabody.harvard.edu/VRTG/appendixG.html
(01 Mar. 2000).
"This is a preliminary list of the types of information a
collections management system for visual materials in a library, archives, or museum might
include". Visual Resources Association (VRA). Oberlin, OH: Oberlin College. http://www.oberlin.edu/~art/vra/vra.html
(07 Mar. 2000).
"The Visual Resources Association is a non-profit organization
established to further research and education in the field of visual resources and to
promote a spirit of cooperation among the members of the profession. The web site of the
VRA is intended as a comfortable bridge between the unmoderated VRA listserv and
established VRA publications such as the VRA Bulletin. It is also being constructed to
serve as a source of information to anyone interested in visual resources".
Wallace, Greg. Introduction to Image Digitisation for Museums.
Western Australian Museum, 1999.
This workshop was developed in recognition of the need for the
acquisition of digitised images and for those images to be made available from museums.
The workshop is directed at those working in or with museums who are considering taking on
the task of a digitisation project, and is geared to people with little to no experience
in the use of cameras and computers. It aims to serve as an introduction to digitisation
and its technology, the approach of museums to digitisation, the methods available, the
process, and the requirements for taking on a digitisation project.
Wendler, Robin. "VIA Data Element List". Visual
Information Access system (VIA). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Library, Library
Digital Initiative, March 3, 1999.
http://hul.harvard.edu/ldi/html/elements.html
(01 Mar. 2000).
The VIA Data Element List is a list of the data elements in the VIA
metadata format. The purpose of the list is to assist new contributors in determining how
to map the existing data from their own local catalogue into the VIA format, as VIA serves
as a union catalogue for varying institutions. The list includes the field name, whether
it is a required field, whether it is repeatable, and a definition of the field.
ZoneZero Magazine. http://zonezero.com/ (05
Mar. 2000).
ZoneZero © is a site dedicated to photography and its journey from the
analog to digital world. The site offers many options including a magazine, a forum, an
editorial area, and an exhibitions listing.
Zorich, Diane. Introduction to Managing Digital Assets Options for
Cultural and Educational Organizations. Los Angeles, CA: Getty Information Institute,
1999.
This book is an overview of managing digital assets
and the many issues associated with licensing intellectual property.
It includes a discussion about building an electronic rights management
system and the requirements for such a system. The author also discusses
the need for cultural heritage institutions to take action to protect
and to make use of their intellectual property in a digital environment:
"it is at risk of having its intellectual property subsumed
by commercial interests that can bring content to networks faster
and more efficiently." Her suggestions include revisiting the
decision to license, and looking at working in co-operation with
an ‘intellectual property service provider’. An examination
of how other fields manage intellectual property is provided.
Date published: 1 August 2001
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